These are chosen based on how quickly the light changes across the scene, where a sharp division between dark land and bright sky would necessitate a harder edge GND filter, for example. Alternatively, the blend can instead be radial to either add or remove light fall-off at the lens's edges vignetting.
Placing the blend should be performed very carefully and usually requires a tripod. The soft edge is generally more flexible and forgiving of misplacement. On the other hand, a soft edge may produce excessive darkening or brightening near where the blend occurs if the scene's light transitions faster than the filter. One should also be aware that vertical objects extending across the blend may appear unrealistically dark. Note how the rock columns become nearly black at their top compared to below the blend; this effect is often unavoidable when using GND filters.
A problem with the soft and hard edge terminology is that it is not standardized from one brand to another. One company's "soft edge" can sometimes be nearly as abrupt a blend as another company's so called "hard edge". It is therefore best to take these on a case by case basis and actually look at the filter itself to judge the blend type. Most manufacturers will show an example of the blend on their own websites. The second important setting is the differential between how much light is let in at one side of the blend versus the other the top versus bottom in the examples directly above.
This differential is expressed using the same terminology as used for ND filters in the previous section. Similarly, a 0. Most landscape photos need no more than a f-stop blend. Nowadays UV filters are primarily used to protect the front element of a camera lens since they are clear and do not noticably affect the image.
With film cameras, UV filters reduce haze and improve contrast by minimizing the amount of ultraviolet UV light that reaches the film. The problem with UV light is that it is not visible to the human eye, but is often uniformly distributed on a hazy day; UV therefore adversely affects the camera's exposure by reducing contrast. Fortunately, digital camera sensors are nowhere near as sensitive to UV light as film, therefore UV filtration is no longer necessary.
However, UV filters have the potential to decrease image quality by increasing lens flare, adding a slight color tint or reducing contrast. High quality UV filters will not introduce any visible color cast. For digital cameras, it is often debated whether the advantage of a UV filter protection outweighs the potential reduction in image quality. For very expensive SLR lenses, the increased protection is often the determining factor, since it is much easier to replace a filter than to replace or repair a lens.
However, for less expensive SLR lenses or compact digital cameras protection is much less of a factor — the choice therefore becomes more a matter of personal preference. This means that in order for your camera to create a properly exposed image it will need to compensate a little by either using a lower f-stop larger aperture hole if you're controlling your shutter speed S or Tv mode , or using a slower shutter speed if you're in Aperture mode A or Av.
You can help make your shutter speed faster by selecting a higher ISO, enabling you to hand hold your camera. Regardless though, if the shutter speed becomes too slow to hand-hold for example late afternoon when light is already low , and you still want the effects of the polariser, consider mounting your camera on a tripod. Quick tip: Polarising filters can sometimes be used effectively in situations where most people would overlook their benefit.
For example, they can prove helpful when wanting to reduce glare on overcast days, when photographing after or during rain or when wanting to bring out more colour saturation. They are also handy for reducing the glare on plant leaves - a great tip for photographing in a rainforest - revealing richer, darker greens. An ND filter held up to a lens, showing the light reduction.
Neutral Density ND Filters: Unlike the polarising filter which changes the way the image looks, ND filters aim to remain 'neutral' and simply reduce the overall amount of light coming through the lens.
Like dark sunglasses for a camera, by reducing the amount of light coming through the lens, ND filters allow the photographer to purposefully compensate by slowing the shutter speed down and achieving motion blur effects, even in situations of bright light. When elements in the scene are moving, such as a waterfall, waves, clouds or even people, a range of creative possibilities are opened up.
There are a number of ND filters on the market. These numbers signify how much light the filter cuts out. Depending on the situation, these filters can be stacked on top of each other to reduce the light even further. If shooting on Av aperture mode, the camera will alter its selected shutter speed accordingly, lengthening it as the darker filter is applied.
These screw onto the lens but have an adjustable outer ring like the polarising filter design which can be adjusted to darken the filter i. While less accurate than a fixed ND filter, it removes the risk of tunnelling and loss of image quality that can occur when stacking filters. Tunnelling or vignetting, as mentioned earlier, is the problem that occurs with wide angled lenses when the filter starts to become visible in the corners or sides of the final image.
ND filters have limits, particularly in the variable ND filters. When pushed to the extreme in bright light , when the ND filter needs to be exceptionally dark, the resulting image can sometimes become uneven. Occasionally the camera also assumes you're trying to take a dark image and you may have to adjust your exposure compensation a little until you get the settings you're after.
Alternatively you could play around in manual M mode with test shots until you reach an exposure you're happy with. Because everything looks so dark through exceptionally strong ND filters, you may find that a it becomes impossible for your camera to auto-focus AF through it, and b impossible for you to see your composition.
In these cases, it's best to frame up your composition and pre-focus using AF before you put on the ND filter. As you'd be using a tripod anyway with such slow photos, neither the focus nor composition will change. To prevent the lens hunting for focus once the filter is applied, after you've pre-focused with AF it's best to switch your lens to manual focus MF. This will 'lock' your focus. They have a more specific use and are not as commonly used as the other filters, but green filters are extremely useful for the nature photographer.
Green filters may lighten the sky, so landscape photographers should take note of this when using it. Blue filters are not as commonly used in black and white photography because they lighten the sky and darken highlights or colors that are seen as light. Blue filters can draw attention to haze and fog, which can enhance the mood of the photo if needed. Since a filter absorbs light, it necessitates an increase in exposure.
A filter factor of 2X means that you should multiply the exposure by 2. A filter factor of 4X means that you should multiply your exposure by 4, and so on. Another alternative is to divide your ISO by the filter factor. Photographic filters are used to achieve image enhancement effects that can change the tone and mood of your photographs.
Filters inject slight, but noticeable alterations to your image. You can achieve many of the same effects by extensive tweaking in Photoshop or another image manipulation software package , but when you use a filter you can immediately see the difference to your image in the viewfinder. As with every new photographic accessory, practice and experimentation are the keys to expanding the application of your creative palette.
Attila Kun Attila is the founder and editor-in-chief of Exposure Guide. We even cover every filter with a 3-year warranty to give you absolute peace of mind. Our camera bag buying guide should help you work out which one you need. To get even more out of your photos, check out our guide to buying the tripod you need. Motion Control Accessories. Camera Slider Accessories.
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