Essentials of educational measurement. Gronlund, N. Measurement and evaluation in teaching. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. Mehrens, W. Measurement and evaluation in education and psychology. Nelson, C. Measurement and evaluation in the classroom. Measurement and Evaluation Division, Armory Building. Especially useful for science instruction. Payne, David A. The assessment of learning. Lexington, Mass. Heath and Co. Scannell, D. Testing and measurement in the classroom. New York: Houghton-Mifflin Co.
Thorndike, R. Educational measurement 2nd ed. Washington, D. Connect Facebook Twitter LinkedIn. Privacy Cookie Settings. Essay items are generally easier and less time consuming to construct than are most objective test items. Writing skills do affect a student's ability to communicate the correct "factual" information through an essay response.
Essays do not teach a student how to write but they can emphasize the importance of being able to communicate through writing. Essays are more subjective in nature due to their susceptibility to scoring influences. Due to the extent of time required by the student to respond to an essay question, only a few essay questions can be included on a classroom exam. Both item types can measure similar content or learning objectives.
Both objective and essay test items are good devices for measuring student achievement. The student will be able to critique and appraise another student's English composition on the basis of its organization. Multiple-choice test items The multiple-choice item consists of two parts: a the stem, which identifies the question or problem and b the response alternatives.
For example, Sample Multiple-Choice Item a. When possible, state the stem as a direct question rather than as an incomplete statement. Present a definite, explicit and singular question or problem in the stem.
Eliminate excessive verbiage or irrelevant information from the stem. While ironing her formal, Jane burned her hand accidently on the hot iron. This was due to a transfer of heat be Which of the following ways of heat transfer explains why Jane's hand was burned after she touched a hot iron?
Include in the stem any word s that might otherwise be repeated in each alternative. In national elections in the United States the President is officially a. In national elections in the United States the President is officially chosen by a.
Use negatively stated stems sparingly. Which of the following is not cited as an accomplishment of the Kennedy administration? Which of the following is NOT cited as an accomplishment of the Kennedy administration? Item Alternatives. Make all alternatives plausible and attractive to the less knowledgeable or skillful student. What process is most nearly the opposite of photosynthesis? Make the alternatives grammatically parallel with each other, and consistent with the stem.
What would do most to advance the application of atomic discoveries to medicine? Remove the restriction on the use of radioactive substances. Establishing hospitals staffed by highly trained radioactive therapy specialists. Development of standardized techniques for treatment of patients.
Training of the average doctor in application of radioactive treatments. Removal of restriction on the use of radioactive substances. Addition of trained radioactive therapy specialists to hospital staffs. Make the alternatives mutually exclusive. The daily minimum required amount of milk that a 10 year old child should drink is a. What is the daily minimum required amount of milk a 10 year old child should drink?
Be sure there is only one correct or best response to the item. The two most desired characteristics in a classroom test are validity and a. Make alternatives approximately equal in length. What is the most general cause of low individual incomes in the United States? A lack of valuable productive services to sell. The population's overall unwillingness to work. The nation's increased reliance on automation. Undesirable: grammatical clue.
Undesirable: verbal association clue. The reliability of a test can be estimated by a coefficient of: a. Undesirable: connection between stem and answer clue.
The height to which a water dam is built depends on a. Table of Contents True-False Test Items A true-false item can be written in one of three forms: simple, complex, or compound. Answers can consist of only two choices simple , more than two choices complex , or two choices plus a conditional completion response compound. The acquisition of morality is a developmental process.
Express the item statement as simply and as clearly as possible. Express a single idea in each test item. The second principle of education is that the individual gathers knowledge. For every action there is an opposite and equal reaction. Avoid using negatively stated item statements.
The Supreme Court is not composed of nine justices. Avoid the use of unfamiliar vocabulary. According to some politicians, the raison d'etre for capital punishment is retribution. The Arctic and Antarctic regions are sparsely populated. Plants have no nervous system. Large coal beds exist in Alaska. There have been profound changes in the climate on earth. Coordination and integration of action is generally slower in plants than in animals. All life comes from life and produces its own kind of living organisms.
Use only homogeneous material in matching items. Directions: Match the following. Year of the 1st Nuclear Fission by Man.
Column I. Column II. Hunting for reasons to support one's beliefs. Attributing to others one's own unacceptable impulses, thoughts and desires. Ignoring disagreeable situations, topics, sights. Avoid grammatical or other clues to the correct response. Directions: Match the following in order to complete the sentences on the left. The formation of coal requires. Keep matching items brief, limiting the list of stimuli to under Table of Contents Completion Test Items The completion item requires the student to answer a question or to finish an incomplete statement by filling in a blank with the correct word or phrase.
Limitations In Using Completion Items Completion items are difficult to construct so that the desired response is clearly indicated. The sun began to sink behind the trees, and the king at last stuck the spade into the ground, and said:. If you can give me none, tell me so, and I will return home. The king turned round and saw a bearded man come running out of the wood.
The man held his hands pressed against his stomach, and blood was flowing from under them. When he reached the king, he fell fainting on the ground, moaning feebly. There was a large wound in his stomach. The king washed it as best he could, and bandaged it with his handkerchief and with a towel the hermit had.
But the blood would not stop flowing, and the king again and again removed the bandage soaked with warm blood, and washed and re-bandaged the wound. When at last the blood ceased flowing, the man revived and asked for something to drink.
The king brought fresh water and gave it to him. Meanwhile the sun had set, and it had become cool. Lying on the bed, the man closed his eyes and was quiet; but the king was so tired from his walk and from the work he had done that he crouched down on the threshold, and also fell asleep — so soundly that he slept all through the short summer night. When he awoke in the morning, it was long before he could remember where he was, or who was the strange bearded man lying on the bed and gazing intently at him with shining eyes.
I am that enemy of yours who swore to revenge himself on you, because you executed his brother and seized his property. I knew you had gone alone to see the hermit, and I resolved to kill you on your way back. But the day passed and you did not return. So I came out from my ambush to find you, and came upon your bodyguard, and they recognized me, and wounded me.
I escaped from them, but should have bled to death had you not dressed my wound. I wished to kill you, and you have saved my life.
Now, if I live, and if you wish it, I will serve you as your most faithful slave , and will bid my sons do the same.
Forgive me! The king was very glad to have made peace with his enemy so easily, and to have gained him for a friend, and he not only forgave him, but said he would send his servants and his own physician to attend him, and promised to restore his property.
Having taken leave of the wounded man, the king went out into the porch and looked around for the hermit. Before going away he wished once more to beg an answer to the questions he had put. The hermit was outside, on his knees, sowing seeds in the beds that had been dug the day before. So the most important time was when you were digging the beds; and I was the most important man; and to do me good was your most important business. Afterwards, when that man ran to us, the most important time was when you were attending to him, for if you had not bound up his wounds he would have died without having made peace with you.
So he was the most important man, and what you did for him was your most important business. Remember then: there is only one time that is important — now! It is the most important time because it is the only time when we have any power. The most necessary person is the one with whom you are, for no man knows whether he will ever have dealings with anyone else: and the most important affair is to do that person good, because for that purpose alone was man sent into this life.
From The Gospel in Tolstoy. He is best known for his novels War and Peace and Anna Karenina. However, there is another analysis type available for Lesson which is not available in a Quiz see note below.
The 'penalty factor' only applies when the question is used in a quiz using adaptive mode - i. If the penalty factor is more than 0, then the student will lose that proportion of the maximum grade upon each successive attempt. For example, if the default question grade is 10, and the penalty factor is 0. It would even accept "fuel or oxygen", "fuel but not oxygen" "fuel oxygen" which might not be so good but you can never be completely safe!
The order of the answers is important. The answers are evaluated from 1st to last. When a match is found the process stops. If no match is found the question is scored wrong and the general response is used.
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