Unless explicitly noted otherwise, all content licensed as indicated by RationalWiki:Copyrights. Cogito ergo sum Logic and rhetoric. Key articles. Logical fallacy Syllogism Argument. General logic. Appeal to fear Argument from incompatible attributes Association fallacy Burden of proof Ecological fallacy Self-refuting idea. Bad logic. Confusion of the inverse Illicit process Not even wrong Quidquid latine dictum sit, altum videtur Red-baiting Selection bias v - t - e.
Informal fallacies:. Ad hoc:. Arguments from ignorance:. Causation fallacies:. Circular reasoning:. Emotional appeals:. Fallacies of ambiguity:. Formal fallacies:. You might like this professor, but he obviously doesn't like girls because he never talks about the contributions of women in history. Now, when you enter the class, your opinion of the professor and the lectures will be tainted by your friend's words.
At the beginning of a debate, one political candidate says of the other: My opponent has a record of lying and trying to cover her dishonest dealings with a pleasant smile. Don't let her convince you to believe her words. Toggle navigation. Poisoning the Well Examples. Poisoning the Well Fallacy occurs when an argument is made using illogical reasoning.
Time and again, the Dutch burst dikes to keep foreign armies from advancing across their otherwise mostly indefensible land in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. No matter how much human society might evolve, some things—notably civilian suffering in conflict—never seem to change. ISIS is a case in point.
Their acts have sometimes been presented as a kind of unique evil, a bloodthirsty wave of butchery and beheading. But while the jihadists appear to bask in their atrocities more than most, they are in some ways simply dining off an extensive canon of past horrors. Beginning perhaps with the ancient dispute between the cities of Lagash and Umma , coincidentally in modern-day southern Iraq, water-related conflicts appear to have been a fixture of early warfare though a lack of documentation can make it near impossible to verify reports.
According to surviving engravings in the Louvre, these Sumerian states came to blows around B. Over the course of the fighting, Eannatum, the king of Lagash, was said to have cut off access to some canals and dried out others, thereby condemning arid Umma to a punishing thirst. It was a brief taste of the misery to come.
That strategy was seemingly perfected by the Assyrians, who roamed much of the same turf that ISIS would later seize in northern Iraq and Syria. King Assurbanipal B. Over the following millennium and a bit, as records improved, the reports of well poisonings came much thicker and faster. The 12th-century Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa is said to have dumped human corpses down wells while on a campaign of conquest in Italy in , an early form of biological warfare.
Saladin, the great Saracen commander, deprived the Crusader armies of access to water in the Holy Land in , contributing to their defeat at Hattin. In the Balkans, where the Ottomans were looking to incorporate new territories into their empire, both imperial troops and local rebels, like Vlad the Impaler, the inspiration for Dracula, are said to have sabotaged water resources. However, perhaps the most notorious allegations of well poisoning involved no well poisoning at all.
Across medieval Europe, Jews and other minority groups were frequently accused of poisoning water sources at a time when water-borne and other diseases were exacting heavier tolls.
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